Solução salina concentrada versus outros tratamentos para baixar a pressão ao redor do cérebro em pessoas com lesão cerebral traumática aguda: uma Revisão Cochrane

Autores

  • Han Chen Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chang Sha, China
  • Zhi Song Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chang Sha, China
  • Jane A Dennis Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Palavras-chave:

Brain Injuries, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Intracranial Hypertension, Intracranial Pressure, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Hypertonic Saline Solution

Resumo

Introdução: O aumento da pressão intracraniana está associado a piores desfechos neurológicos e aumento da mortalidade nos pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática aguda. Atualmente, a maioria dos esforços para tratar essas lesões está voltada para o controle da pressão intracraniana. A solução salina hipertônica é uma terapia hiperosmolar usada em pacientes com lesões cerebrais traumáticas para reduzir a pressão intracraniana. Ainda existem dúvidas quanto à efetividade, no curto e longo prazo, do uso de solução salina hipertônica versus outros agentes que diminuem a pressão intracraniana, no tratamento de pacientes com lesões cerebrais traumáticas agudas.

Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança do uso de solução salina hipertônica versus outros agentes redutores da pressão intracraniana no manejo de pacientes com lesões cerebrais traumáticas agudas.

Métodos de busca: Em 11 de dezembro de 2019 fizemos buscas nas seguintes bases eletrônicas: Registro Especializado do Cochrane Injuries, CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase Classic+Embase, ISI Web of Science, Science Citation Index e Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐Science e em plataformas de registro de ensaios clínicos. Também fizemos buscas em quatro grandes bases de dados chinesas, em 19 de setembro de 2018. Complementamos a busca revisando as listas de referências e entramos em contato com autores de ensaios clínicos para identificar estudos adicionais.

Critério de seleção: Procuramos identificar todos os estudos clínicos controlados e randomizados que compararam o uso de solução salina hipertônica versus outros agentes redutores de pressão intracraniana em pessoas com lesões cerebrais traumáticas agudas de qualquer gravidade. Excluímos os estudos cruzados (crossover) porque não permitem a avaliação dos desfechos no longo prazo.

Coleta dos dados e análises: Dois autores de revisão, trabalhando de forma independente, avaliaram os resultados da busca para identificar estudos potencialmente elegíveis e extraíram dados usando um formulário padrão. Os desfechos foram: mortalidade (por todas as causa) ao fim do seguimento, morte ou incapacidade (pela Escala de Desfecho Glasgow), pressão intracraniana não controlada (definida como falha em reduzir a pressão intracraniana para a meta estipulada e/ou necessidade de intervenção adicional), eventos adversos (como fenômenos de rebote), edema pulmonar, e insuficiência renal aguda durante o tratamento.

Principais resultados: Seis ensaios clínicos randomizados, envolvendo dados de 287 pessoas, preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A maioria dos participantes (91%) teve um diagnóstico de lesão cerebral traumática grave. Todos os estudos tinham vários domínios com risco de viés. Não houve cegamento confiável dos médicos. Dois estudos tinham participantes com outros diagnósticos além de lesão cerebral traumática. Um estudo tinha falta de dados de desfechos importantes. Apenas um estudo tinha um protocolo original. Os outros estudos que tinham protocolos haviam feito o registro retrospectivamente.

Pudemos fazer metanálises para o desfecho primário (mortalidade no seguimento final) e ´desfechos ruins´ (de acordo com os critérios convencionais dicotômicos da Escala de Desfecho de Glasgow) com apenas dois estudos. A avaliação dos desfechos no longo prazo foi prejudicada porque dois estudos pararam de colher dados duas horas após administrar uma única dose em bolus do medicamento e, um estudo parou de colher dados a partir da alta da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Apenas três estudos coletaram dados após a alta hospitalar. Um desses estudos não relatou mortalidade e relatou “desfechos ruins”, pelos critérios da Escala de Desfecho de Glasgow de uma forma não convencional. Devido à falta de dados de muitos participantes em um estudo‐chave, tivemos que fazer estimativas usando a técnica de pior e melhor cenário na metanálise, além da estimativa de efeito usando os dados disponíveis. Em nenhum dos cenários se detectou uma diferença clara entre os tratamentos para mortalidade ou desfecho neurológico ruim.

Devido à heterogeneidade no modo de administrar os medicamentos, (incluindo se houve ou não drenagem prévia do líquido cefalorraquidiano‐LCR), aos diferentes tempos de seguimento e formas de relatar alterações na pressão intracraniana, assim como a falta de definição uniforme para “pressão intracraniana não controlada”, não realizamos metanálise para esse desfecho. Apresentamos os resultados desse desfecho de forma narrativa para cada estudo. Os estudos tenderam a relatar que ambos os tratamentos foram efetivos na redução da pressão intracraniana elevada, mas que a solução salina hipertônica teve benefícios adicionais. Os autores dos estudos também declararam que fatores de pré‐tratamento deveriam ser considerados (por exemplo, sódio sérico e hemodinâmica tanto sistêmica quanto cerebral). Nenhum estudo apresentou dados sobre nossos outros desfechos de interesse. Consideramos que a qualidade da evidência para todos os desfechos foi muito baixa, segundo o GRADE. Rebaixamos todas as conclusões por imprecisão (pequeno tamanho amostral), evidência indireta (escolha da forma de medir o desfecho e/ou seleção de participantes sem lesão cerebral traumática) e, em alguns casos, devido ao risco de viés e inconsistência.

Apenas um dos estudos incluídos relatou dados de efeitos adversos: um caso de fenômeno de rebote no grupo de comparação (manitol). Nenhum dos estudos relatou dados sobre edema pulmonar ou insuficiência renal aguda durante o tratamento. No geral, os autores dos estudos não parecem ter procurado coletar de forma rigorosa dados sobre eventos adversos.

Conclusão dos autores: Esta revisão procurou por estudos que compararam o uso de solução salina hipertônica versus qualquer outro agente para redução da pressão intracraniana. Porém, encontramos apenas estudos que testaram manitol ou manitol mais glicerol no grupo controle. Baseado nos poucos dados disponíveis, existe evidência fraca de que, no longo prazo, a solução salina hipertônica não é mais efetiva ou segura do que o manitol no tratamento de pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática aguda. É necessário fazer grandes ensaios clínicos multicêntricos, que sejam registrados prospectivamente, e que sejam descritos conforme recomendado pelas melhores diretrizes de publicação atuais. Os estudos devem investigar questões como o tipo de lesão cerebral traumática sofrida pelos participantes, bem como a concentração e o tempo de administração da solução.

Referências

References to studies included in this review:

Cottenceau 2011 {published data only}

Cottenceau V, Masson F, Mahamid E, Petit L, Shik V, Sztark F, et al. Comparison of effects of equiosmolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2011;28:2003‐12.

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Soustiel JF. Comparison of effects of equiosmolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline [personal communication]. Email to: H Chen 6 May 2015.

Francony 2008 {published data only}

Francony G, Fauvage B, Falcon D, Canet C, Dilou H, Lavagne P, et al. Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Critical Care Medicine 2008;36:795‐800.

Payen J‐F, Fauvage B, Canet C, Lavagne P, Falcon D. Comparing the effects of mannitol and of hypertonic saline solution on post traumatic intracranial hypertension: a study with direct individual benefit [Effets comparés du mannitol et du sérum salé hypertonique sur l’hypertension intracrânienne post‐traumatique: Etude avec bénéfice individuel direct.]. Unpublished document [sent to H Chen by Dr J‐F Payen May 2002].

Harutjunyan 2005 {published data only}

Harutjunyan L, Holz C, Rieger A, Menzel M, Grond S, Soukup J. Efficiency of 7.2% hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 versus mannitol 15% in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients ‐ a randomized clinical trial [ISRCTN62699180]. Critical Care 2005;9:R530‐40.

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CTRI//04/006829. A comparative study of 3% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. Available online (ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=10708&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27,%2710708det%27) (accessed 8 December 2017).

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References to studies excluded from this review:

Battison 2005 {published data only}

Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C, Petty T. Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2005;33:196‐202; discussion 257‐8.

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NCT01028339 (Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées). Mannitol vs HS to treat ICHT after severe TBI : comparison on PtiO2 and microdialysis values. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01028339 (accessed 1 December 2017).

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NCT01111682 (University of Cinncinati / US Dept of Defense). Hypertonic saline vs. mannitol for elevated intercranial pressure. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01111682 (accessed 1 December 2017).

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Publicado

2022-05-11

Como Citar

Chen, H., Song, Z. ., & Dennis, J. A. . (2022). Solução salina concentrada versus outros tratamentos para baixar a pressão ao redor do cérebro em pessoas com lesão cerebral traumática aguda: uma Revisão Cochrane. JBMEDE - Jornal Brasileiro De Medicina De Emergência, 1(1), e21008. Recuperado de https://jbmede.com.br/index.php/jbme/article/view/23

Edição

Seção

Pearls from the Cochrane Library for Emergency Physicians